Breathing plastics: Health risks of inhaling airborne microplastics 

In recent years, the human exposure to microplastics, particularly in some regions in India, has become alarming. Microplastics are tiny fragments of plastic particles that are smaller than 5 millimeters. The latest studies suggest these microplastics are present in the air that people inhale, causing health implications. Such pollution levels have been noted in Patna, where some researchers identified the remnants of these particles in rainwater.
What are airborne microplastics?
Airborne microplastics are plastic particles that are smaller than 5 millimeters and can be carried by air. It is an emerging pollutant originating from disposable tableware, packaging materials, textiles and other consumer goods. These microplastics are abundant in urban and natural environments, including water bodies and glaciers, as they can travel long distances. The potential toxicity of such particles cannot be underestimated.
Harmful effects
Airborne microplastics can enter the human body through inhalation or ingestion. Once these particles penetrate the lung tissue and the gastrointestinal tract, they can cause various health complications. These particles can carry harmful chemical additives that disrupt cellular functions and promote tumorigenesis. Studies have linked exposure to microplastics with respiratory issues such as Asthma, COPD, Interstitial lung diseases, lung cancer and also risk of colon cancer.
Children and individuals with pre-existing health conditions are the most vulnerable population to get impacted. For instance, those suffering from Bronchial asthma may experience frequent exacerbations due to the inhalation of contaminated air.
Tackling the issues
Addressing airborne microplastics issues requires a multifaceted approach. Public awareness campaigns are essential to educate communities about the risks associated with microplastic exposure, encouraging proactive measures to reduce pollution.
Governments must enforce regulations on plastic production and waste management to minimise environmental contamination. Additionally, enhancing air quality monitoring systems can help to keep a track of microplastic levels. Apart from this, individuals can use air purifiers at homes with a filter that can trap and remove most microplastics.
Airborne microplastics are an alarming threat to public health in India and beyond. As we continue to grapple with the consequences of plastic pollution, it is important that we take collective action to mitigate its impact on our health and environment.
Implementing effective policies and fostering research initiatives can work towards countering the dangers posed by airborne microplastics.

(The author, Dr. Santoshkumar P Hammigi, is a pulmonologist, at Apollo Clinic, Marathahalli.)